The subprocess module provides subprocess.run(), subprocess.Popen(), and subprocess.PIPE for secure process execution with proper input/output handling, error management, and cross-platform command execution.
The os module provides os.listdir(), os.makedirs(), os.environ, os.path operations, and process management functions for cross-platform system interactions and file operations.
The os module automatically adapts path separators for different operating systems - os.path.join() uses backslashes on Windows and forward slashes on Unix, making your code truly cross-platform without any changes.